Glossary

ABAI (Advanced Base Artificial Intelligence Information System) — KMG’s unified digital ecosystem integrating AI‑driven modules to manage production processes.

ANRE (Autoritatea Națională de Reglementare în Domeniul Energiei) — Romania’s national energy regulator.

APG — associated petroleum gas produced together with oil during the development of oil fields and generated during its production.

API Spec Q2 — American Petroleum Institute standard “Quality Management for Service Supply Organisations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry”.

AtJ — alcohol‑to‑jet technology for producing aviation fuel from alcohol.

BCMS — Business Continuity Management System.

CAPEX — capital expenditures on the construction, upgrading, and expansion of production assets.

Casing drilling — casing‑while‑drilling (CwD) to shorten well construction time and prevent emergencies.

CCUS — carbon capture, utilisation and storage.

CDP — Carbon Disclosure Project.

CNAIR (Compania Națională de Administrare a Infrastructurii Rutiere) — Romania’s National Road Infrastructure Administration Company.

COSO — Committee of Sponsoring Organisations of the Treadway Commission (risk management and internal control model).

Country‑by‑Country Reporting (OECD Action 13) — a standard under the BEPS framework requiring multinational enterprises (MNEs) to report on allocation of income, taxes, and economic activity for each tax jurisdiction where they operate.

Co‑processing — processing of plant‑based feedstocks alongside fossil feedstocks in existing refinery hydrotreaters.

CPC — Caspian Pipeline Consortium.

CRMS — corporate risk management system.

Data lake — a centralised corporate repository that consolidates data streams from production facilities.

DNV (Det Norske Veritas) — a global certification and classification society.

ECD — equivalent circulating density, a parameter monitored during drilling.

EDD‑ADU / EDD‑AVDU — electrostatic desalting, dehydrating and atmospheric distillation units / electrostatic desalting, dehydrating and atmospheric vacuum distillation units (primary oil refining units).

EOR — enhanced oil recovery techniques for improving oil extraction rates.

EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) — a type of a turnkey contract covering design, equipment procurement, and facility construction.

ESG — environmental, social, and governance factors.

FAR — fatal accident rate, reflecting the number of fatal incidents per unit of exposure.

FCA — Free Carrier, an Incoterm where the seller hands over goods, cleared for export, to the buyer’s nominated carrier at a specified location.

FEED — Front‑End Engineering Design, the basic engineering phase where technical solutions and project budget are developed before final investment decision.

FGP — Future Growth Project (Tengiz).

FID — Final Investment Decision, the point at which a project is approved for funding and construction.

Fishbones — a well completion technology that creates multiple branches radiating from the main wellbore to stimulate reservoir flow.

FPSA — Final Production Sharing Agreement (Karachaganak).

FPSO — a floating production, storage and offloading vessel used for offshore oil and gas production, processing, and storage.

GJ – Gigajoule.

GHGP — Greenhouse Gas Protocol, the global standard for measuring and managing GHG emissions.

GHG — greenhouse gases.

GPP — gas processing plant.

GRI — Global Reporting Initiative, which provides sustainability reporting standards.

GSU — gas separation unit.

GTU — gas treatment unit.

I‑REC — International Renewable Energy Certificate.

IAS — Internal Audit Service.

IATA — International Air Transport Association.

ICD — inflow control devices used in well completions.

ICF SH&E Limited — a subsidiary of ICF, a global consulting services provider.

ICP — an integrity compliance programme aimed at ensuring ethical business conduct, compliance with anti‑corruption requirements, ethical standards and the Company’s internal policies.

ICS — Internal Control System.

IFRS — International Financial Reporting Standards.

IOGP — International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, which develops industry standards, guidelines and best practices in industrial safety, occupational health, and environmental protection.

JSC — joint‑stock company.

JV — joint venture.

KТ‑I — carbonate horizon I.

LCDP — KMG’s Low‑Carbon Development Programme 2060.

LDAR — leak detection and repair, a programme/technology for detecting and repairing gas and methanol leaks.

Liquid casing — a drilling fluid additive that forms an impermeable layer on the wellbore.

LLP — limited liability partnership.

LNG — liquefied natural gas.

LOTO (Lockout/Tagout) — standards for locking out hazardous energy sources, preventing accidental equipment start‑up during maintenance.

LPG — liquefied petroleum gas.

LTIR — lost time injury rate, reflecting the frequency of accidents resulting in lost work time per a set number of hours worked.

MET — mineral extraction tax.

MSCI — an international rating agency and index provider that assesses corporate ESG performance and assigns ESG ratings.

NCOC — North Caspian Operating Company, the operator of the Kashagan field.

NCSPSA — Production Sharing Agreement in respect of the North Caspian Sea.

NGL — natural gas liquids.

OECD — Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development, an international forum of countries committed to shaping and promoting economic policy, standards and recommendations on sustainable development, corporate governance, and environmental responsibility.

OFAC — Office of Foreign Assets Control of the US Department of the Treasury.

OGCI — Oil and Gas Climate Initiative, an international initiative of leading oil and gas companies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, developing climate solutions and supporting the transition to low‑carbon energy.

OGMP 2.0 — Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0, a methane reporting framework.

OPEC+ — expanded cooperation format under the Declaration of Cooperation, bringing together OPEC countries and non‑OPEC states (Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Oman, Russia, Sudan and South Sudan).

OPEC — Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, an international intergovernmental organisation of oil‑exporting countries coordinating oil production policy to stabilise the global oil market. Members include Algeria, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Venezuela.

OPEX (Operating expenditures) — ongoing costs incurred by a business to maintain its day-to-day operations.

PAM — Privileged Access Management.

PKOP — PetroKazakhstan Oil Products LLP.

Polymersation — a process in which monomers chemically combine to produce a polymer.

PRC — People’s Republic of China.

Pre‑FES — Preliminary Front‑End Study.

Pre-FEED – Pre-Front-End Engineering Design.

PSA — production sharing agreement.

RES — renewable energy sources.

SAF — sustainable aviation fuel.

SDN OFAC list — Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List (US sanctions list).

SGP — second‑generation plant (TCO facility).

Slant drilling — slant‑hole drilling technology for developing high‑viscosity oil at shallow depths.

Slim‑hole drilling — a technology using smaller diameter boreholes to cut drilling expenses and the use of materials.

SOC — Security Operations Centre.

SPM — single point mooring.

SPP — solar power plant.

TCFD — Task Force on Climate‑related Financial Disclosures.

TEU – twenty-foot equivalent unit.

TGP — third‑generation plant (new plant at Tengiz).

Three Lines Model — three lines of defence model (in risk management).

TPM (Trusted Platform Module) — a hardware security module for computers.

UAV — unmanned aerial vehicle.

UN SDGs (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals) — global goals adopted by the UN aimed at ensuring sustainable economic growth, social justice and environmental protection by 2030.

USV — unmanned surface vessel (sea drone).

Well‑being — the experience also known as wellness, prudential value or quality of life, refers to what is intrinsically valuable relative to someone.

WEPs — Women’s Empowerment Principles, United Nations principles for promoting gender equality and expanding women’s participation in economic and corporate activity.

WPMP — Wellhead Pressure Management Project (Tengiz).

WPP — wind power plant.

WTI — West Texas Intermediate, a benchmark US light sweet crude oil.

XDR — extended detection and response (in cyber security).